David Humes Anti Miracle Belief Essay - 1577 Words

The problem of miracles is an ancient one that has persisted for most of human history, but that has been addressed with some depth only in the last few centuries. The great empiricist philosopher David Hume was one of the first to present an analysis of miracles that tried to explain why they are created (by human beings themselves, in Hume’s opinion) and why people are so ready to believe in them. This is an important field of study, as with greater knowledge of the character of physical law, one finds more and more (rather than less) accounts of miracles being touted as exceptions to natural laws. Hume’s ideas on the matter are extremely illuminating and amazingly enough, are fairly universal in their applicability as regards†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœSection X: Of Miracles’ pp.534- 543. Note: All references to Hume will be to this text unless otherwise noted. 2 fact, that is what we must consider when we think about miracles. This experience can be our own or be the testimony of someone else. However, as Hume notes, experience sometimes leads us to uncertain conclusions. As an important example, causes and effects may not rigidly adhere to each other all the time, so that there is an inherent uncertainty about such relationships. Also, testimony can be quite untrustworthy at times and there must be sufficient reason for considering it as proper evidence. It is for this reason that Hume proposes a method whereby one might possess degrees of belief about phenomena based on the evidence. The belief in a conclusion, according to Hume, must be proportional to the evidence in its favor (p.534). This method, to which I shall henceforth allude to as The Arithmetic of Doubt, consists of first collecting all the evidence (for or against) relevant to the point in question and based on which evidence is greater; deciding which side of the argument is the more probable one. Finally, the strength of this probability is proportional to the (qualitative) difference between the forces of the two competing sets of evidence (p.535). This, Hume maintains, is the way to understand, with some degree of accuracy, the degree of truth or falsity of a proposition that does not have an absolute conclusionShow MoreRelatedBy Definition Miracles Do Not Occur Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesBy Definition Miracles Do Not Occur Even in this modern age, belief in the miraculous is widespread and is a feature of many world religions, including the Christian faith where miracles have played a significant role. It is important attempt to define what a miracle is, as this in itself is a source for debate. Today the term ‘miracle’ in many different ways and the idea is open to many interpretations. A miracle can be defined in a number of ways, firstly asRead MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 Pagessuch changes should be brought about by identifying environmental policies with Islamic teachings. To do this, the public education system will have to supplement the scientific approach to environmental education with serious attention to Islamic belief and environmental awareness. 2.14- Ethics And Other Religion: Anyone who is able to overcome infant indoctrination and consider theistic religions objectively has no trouble in judging them to be completely false and simply the product of

The Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison - 956 Words

How the History of Slavery Influenced the Characters of The Bluest Eye Unlike so many pieces of American literature that involve and examine the history of slavery and the years of intensely-entrenched racism that ensued, the overall plot of the novel, The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, does not necessarily involve slavery directly, but rather examines the aftermath by delving into African-American self-hatred. Nearly all of the main characters in The Bluest Eye who are African American are dominated by the endless culturally-imposed concepts of white beauty and cleanness to an extent where the characters have a destructive way of latently acting out their own feelings of self-hatred on others, especially other African-Americans. Toni Morrison’s novel focuses more on the complex and ultimately profound depiction of the effects of racism by emphasizing how self-loathing destroys the African-American characters, instead of making the storyline about specific events that center around racism and the grave history of slavery alone. One example from the novel is how the narrator describes the Breedlove family as ugly, â€Å"You looked at them and wondered why they were so ugly; you looked closely and could not find the source. Then you realized that it came from conviction, their conviction. It was as though some mysterious and all-knowing master had given each one of them a cloak of ugliness to wear and they had each accepted it without question† (Morrison 39). This excerpt fromShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1720 Words   |  7 Pagesof The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison, criticizes the danger of race discrimination for any kinds of situations with no exception. The purpose of the pa per is explain how pervasive and destructive social racism was bound to happen in American society. The intended audiences are not only black people, but also other races had suffered racism until now. I could find out and concentrate on the most notable symbols which are whiteness, blue eyes and the characterization while reading the novel. Toni MorrisonRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1587 Words   |  7 Pagessaid, â€Å"We were born to die and we die to live.† Toni Morrison correlates to Nelson’s quote in her Nobel Lecture of 1993, â€Å"We die. That may be the meaning of life. But we do language. That may be the measure of our lives.† In Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, she uses language to examine the concepts of racism, lack of self-identity, gender roles, and socioeconomic hardships as they factor into a misinterpretation of the American Dream. Morrison illustrates problems that these issues provoke throughRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1189 Words   |  5 PagesA standard of beauty is established by the society in which a person lives and then supported by its members in the community. In the novel The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison, we are given an extensive understanding of how whiteness is the standard of beauty through messages throughout the novel that white ness is superior. Morrison emphasizes how this ideality distorts the minds and lives of African-American women and children. He emphasizes that in order for African-American women to survive in aRead MoreThe Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison1095 Words   |  5 PagesSocial class is a major theme in the book The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison. Toni Morrison is saying that there are dysfunctional families in every social class, though people only think of it in the lower class. Toni Morrison was also stating that people also use social class to separate themselves from others and apart from race; social class is one thing Pauline and Geraldine admire.Claudia, Pecola, and Frieda are affected by not only their own social status, but others social status too - for exampleRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesblack/whiteness. Specifically, white people were positioned at the upper part of the hierarchy, whereas, African Americans were inferior. Consequently, white pe ople were able to control and dictate to the standards of beauty. In her novel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and ideals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrierRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1103 Words   |  5 Pages Toni Morrison is known for her prized works exploring themes and issues that are rampant in African American communities. Viewing Toni Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye from a psychoanalytical lens sheds light onto how, as members of a marginalized group, character’s low self-esteem reflect into their actions, desires, and defense mechanisms. In her analysis of psychoanalytical criticism, Lois Tyson focuses on psychological defense mechanisms such as selective perception, selective memory, denialRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, encompasses the themes of youth, gender, and race. The African American Civil Rights Movement had recently ended at the time the novel was written. In the book, Morrison utilizes a first-person story to convey her views on racial inequality. The protagonist and her friends find themselves in moments where they are filled with embarrassment and have a wish to flee such events. Since they are female African Americans, they are humiliated in society. One of Morrison’sRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1462 Words   |  6 PagesBildungsroman literature in the 20th century embodies the virtues of different authors’ contexts and cultures, influencing the fictional stories of children’s lives around the wo rld.. The Bluest Eye is a 1970 publication by Toni Morrison set in 1940s Ohio in America, focal around the consequence of racism in an American community on the growth of a child, distinct in its use of a range of narrative perspectives. Annie John by Jamaica Kincaid is a novel set in post colonial Antigua, published in 1985Read MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison992 Words   |  4 PagesSet in the 1940s, during the Great Depression, the novel The Bluest Eye, by Toni Morrison, illustrates in the inner struggles of African-American criticism. The Breedloves, the family the story revolves around a poor, black and ugly family. They live in a two-room store front, which is open, showing that they have nothing. In the family there is a girl named Pecola Breedlove, she is a black and thinks that she is ugly because she is not white. Pecola’s father, Cholly Breedlove, goes through humiliatedRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1044 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel The Bluest E ye, Toni Morrison confirms the existence of racism within the African American community. Unbelievably, many African Americans suffer from what is termed internalized racism. Internalized racism produces the same effect as racial racism: feelings of worthlessness, inferiority, and unattractiveness. In addition, the effect can produce the opposite feelings: superiority, hatred, and feelings of self-worth. Pecola, an 11-year-old black girl, desires to have the physical characteristics

Aspect of Contract and Negligence for Business

Question: Case study of Sea Traders Ltd. Answer: In the said case, Sea Traders Ltd contracted to charter a ship from Ships For Hire Ltd including a clause in the contract stating the condition of the said contract is that the ship is seaworthy in all respects. The contract was for 18 months. However, at the beginning of the charter, there existence many maintenance problems as the crew were inexperienced and the chief engineer was incompetent. Due to these reasons, the ships engine was damaged making it impossible for ship to enter the sea for first 3 months. Thus, Sea Trader Ltd intended to end the contract and claim their losses from Ships For Hire Ltd (Beale et al 2010). Therefore, the issue in the said case is whether Sea Traders Ltd can end the contract with Ships For Hire Ltd and claim for compensation for their losses suffered? A valid contract is formed based on various terms and conditions which are pre-determined. Terms of a contract are very important and form the central theme of the agreement. These terms determines the basic formation of a contract. Terms included in the contract gives rise to contractual rights and obligations (E-lawresources.co.uk 2016). The element of promise that is core to an agreement depends on the terms of the contract. Thus, terms under a contract can be in the form of different conditions, warranties or innominate terms. Each of these different kinds of terms has different effects on the contract if any party to the same is willing to terminate the contract (McKendrick 2014). The concept of innominate term was introduced with the judgement in the case Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha. In the said case, Hong Kong Fir Shipping had contracted with Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha to charter their elderly ship for a period of two years. The term in the charter agreement requ ired the ship to be seaworthy at all times and in all respect making it "in every way fitted for ordinary cargo service."However, the crew of the said charter were incompetent and less in number to maintain the old fashioned machinery of the charter. Additionally, the chief engineer of the charter was a drunken man. During the voyage, the said charter suffered certain engine defects making the ship go off-hire for a total number of five weeks. During this period of five weeks, it was undergoing repairs. Once the said ship arrived at the desired port of Osaka, it required a further repair of fifteen weeks to make it seaworthy again. However, the said repair period would leave only seventeen weeks out of the two year charter agreement with the Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha. Thus, as the market freight charges fell, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha ended the contract with Hong Kong Fir Shipping stating breach of their part. However, Hong Kong Fir Shipping stated in response that Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha has indeed breached the contract based on wrongfully repudiating the contract (Adriaanse 2010). The trial court stated that although the ship was seaworthy when it reached Liverpool port, the employees and the chief engineer of the Hong Kong Fir Shipping have failed to exercise care and diligence to maintain the charter and keep it seaworthy as stated in the term of the said contract. However, the trial court judge found that the said breach was not substantial enough to allow Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha to validly repudiate the contract. However, Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha appealed the said trail courts decision (Anson et al 2011). The Court of Appeal held that the word seaworthiness was not breached in a sufficient manner making it serious and required to repudiate the contract. Thus, the said term was an innominate term under the charter contract. While deciding cases based on the concept of innominate terms, court do not review and classify terms as conditions and warranties but look at the review he effects of the breach determining whether the innocent party in the contract was substantially deprived of the whole benefit which was attached to the contract due to the breach. Only in cases where the innocent party was deprived substantially of benefits attached to the contract, repudiation of the contract was considered justified. Thus, in the said case, the issue was not about the seaworthiness of the charter, the question which arose was whether the seaworthiness of the sea has caused a grave and sufficient effect on the benefits of the contract to allow to validly repudiating the same. However, reviewing the facts of the said case, the judge of the Court of Appeal held that the Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha had benefited from the contract about 80% of the total time period of the charter agreement and therefore, the Court held that the said breach by Hong Kong Fir Shipping can be sufficiently and adequately remedied by awarding damages (Gadhia, Kotzab and Prockl 2011). Thus, in the given case, when Sea Traders Ltd contracted for a charter agreement with Ships For Hire Ltd, a condition was imposed stating that the ship should be seaworthy in all respects. However, the same was not the case and due to inefficient crew and chief engineer, the said ship was not in the condition to start the voyage for at least 3 months of the first 8 months of the contract. Thus, in the said case, reviewing the Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha which has similar case, it is to be noted that the issue here is to determine whether the breach was sufficient enough to allow valid repudiating of the contract. In the said case, as the contract was between Sea Traders Ltd and Ships For Hire Ltd had not even started, Sea Traders Ltd had not benefited from the said contract at all and the primary purpose of the contract which was to ensure that the goods to be carried in the ship reach their customers on time was defeated. Thus, in the said case, due to the ineffic iency of the crew and civil engineer, Sea Trader Ltd was unable to deprive benefits of the contract and thus under the innominate term approach, the seaworthiness in the said case was enough to have deprived Sea Trader Ltd benefits of the contract thus, the said contract is to be validly cancelled. Additionally, as the goods were not able to reach the customers on time, damages are to be awarded to Sea Traders Ltd for their loss in business as the goods were unable to reach the customers on time due to unseaworthiness of the charter (Koffman and Macdonald 2010). Thus, in the present case, Sea Traders can validly repudiate the said contract and claim for damages from Ships For Hire Ltd based on innominate approach and case law Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha. References De Mooij, M., 2010.Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. Sage. Deakin, S.F., Johnston, A. and Markesinis, B.S., 2012.Markesinis and Deakin's tort law. Oxford University Press. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016).Contract Law. E-lawresources.co.uk. (2016).Contributory negligence.